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JD
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virus: Why do so many scientists believe in God?
« on: 2003-09-09 11:53:52 » |
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Hot on the heels of the Fred Reed article, here is another tester for the congregation with a strikingly similar theme...
Remember, no need to attack ME, it is just for fun!
---START---
Science cannot provide all the answers'
http://www.guardian.co.uk/life/feature/story/0,13026,1034872,00.html
Why do so many scientists believe in God? Tim Radford reports
Thursday September 4, 2003 The Guardian
C olin Humphreys is a dyed-in-the-wool materialist. That is, he is professor of materials science at Cambridge. He believes in the power of science to explain the nature of matter. He believes that humans - like all other living things - evolved through the action of natural selection upon random mutation. He is also a Baptist. He believes in the story of Moses, as recounted in the biblical book of Exodus. He believes in it enough to have explored Egypt and the Holy Land in search of natural or scientific explanations for the story of the burning bush, the 10 plagues of Egypt, the crossing of the Red Sea and the manna that fell in the wilderness -and then written a book about it.
"I believe that the scientific world view can explain almost anything," he says. "But I just think there is another world view as well."
Tom McLeish is professor of polymer physics at Leeds. Supermarket plastic bags are polymers, but so are spider's silk, sheep's wool, sinew and flesh and bone. His is the intricate world of what is, and how it works, down to the molecular level. He delights in the clarity and power of science, precisely because it is questioning rather than dogmatic. "But the questions that arise, and the methods we use to ask them, can be traced back to the religious tradition in which I find myself. Doing science is part of what it means in that tradition to be human. Because we find ourselves in this puzzling, extraordinary universe of pain and beauty, we will also find ourselves able to explore it, by adopting the very successful methods of science," he says.
Russell Stannard is now emeritus professor of physics at the Open University. He is one of the atom-smashers, picking apart the properties of matter, energy, space and time, and the author of a delightful series of children's books about tough concepts such as relativity theory. He believes in the power of science. He not only believes in God, he believes in the Church of England. He, like Tom McLeish, is a lay reader. He has con tributed Thoughts for the Day to Radio 4, those morning homilies on the mysteries of existence. Does it worry him that science - his science - could be about to explain the whole story of space, time matter and energy without any need for a Creator? "No, because a starting point you can have is: why is there something rather than nothing? Why is there a world? Now I cannot see how science could ever provide an answer," he says.
Stannard will be one of a small group of scientists and theologians, having a go at the question next week in Birmingham. The Science and Religion Forum, founded by a group of scientists 25 years ago, meets on Monday to discuss questions such as the place of humans in the universe. They are not likely to actually come up with an answer, but they will certainly give the question a bashing. The forum embraces what one of its begetters, Arthur Peacocke, pioneer of DNA research in Britain, called "wistful agnostics" and sceptics, as well as Christians and people from other faiths. "It's about how we can worship a creator God who is creating now, and still hold on to the scientific world view as we understand it," says Phil Edwards, who trained in physics but is now a chaplain to the Bolton Institute.
The subject - the place of humans in the universe - is a challenge. To the scientific way of thinking, humans no more have a "place" in the scheme of things than hamsters or harp seals. The universe itself may be an incomprehensible event, and life a so far unexplained one, but scientists see no ladder of creation with humans at the pinnacle. They can see no "purpose" in being. We are here because we are here, a lucky accident - lucky for us - but there was nothing inevitable about the evolution of humanity, or its survival. God is not part of the explanation.
That is how scientists have grown to think, whether they come from a religious background or not. But modern science did not emerge 400 years ago to challenge religion, the orthodoxy of the past 2,000 years. Generations of thinkers and experimenters and observers - often themselves churchmen - wanted to explain how God worked his wonders. Modern physics began with a desire to explain the clockwork of God's creation. Modern geology grew at least partly out of searches for evidence of Noah's flood. Modern biology owes much to the urge to marvel at the intricacy of Divine providence.
But the scientists - a word coined only in 1833 - who hoped to find God somehow painted Him out of the picture. By the late 20th century, physicists were confident of the history of the universe back to the first thousandth of a second, and geneticists and biochemists were certain that all living things could be traced back to some last universal common ancestor that lived perhaps 3.5bn years ago. A few things - what actually happened in the Big Bang; how living, replicating things emerged from a muddle of organic compounds - remain riddles. But few now consider these riddles to be incapable of solutions. So although the debate did not start out as science versus religion, that is how many people now see it.
Paradoxically, this is not how many scientists see it. In the US, according to a survey published in Nature in 1997, four out of 10 scientists believe in God. Just over 45% said they did not believe, and 14.5% described themselves as doubters or agnostics. This ratio of believers to non-believers had not changed in 80 years. Should anybody be surprised?
"A lot of people are surprised. I think people have grown up to believe that science and Christianity are at loggerheads, and that is what the average man in the street believes," says Colin Humphreys. "I think you can explain the universe without invoking God at all. And you can explain humans without invoking God at all, I think. But where I differ from the people who say, OK, the universe started with a big bang - if it did, it's not too sure but let's say it did - and everything else was chance event, then I would say that God is the God of chance and He had His plan and purpose, which is working out very subtly, but through these chance events."
He, like most scientists do in this debate, mentions Richard Dawkins, the Oxford zoologist and professor of the public understanding of science, whose rationalist stance is well known, and vigorously argued.
The real argument here is not about the importance of science, or its value to humanity. "You have to recognise that science is enormously powerful in going for the jugular, reducing complexity to its simple structures," says Tom McLeish. "But it puts it back together again, and that is important to stress, because, from Keats onwards, we have been accused of unweaving the rainbow, and never weaving it back again. That is not true."
Doubt, expressed most potently 3,000 years ago in the biblical book of Job, is the greatest scientific tool ever invented, he says. To do good science, you have to doubt everything, including your ideas, your experiments and your conclusions. "People like Richard Dawkins characterise religion as doubtless, tub-thumping, blind certainty. But it isn't like that; he knows it is not like that. There is Job, on his ash-heap, doubting everything, but wondering where the light comes from, and how the hail forms."
Russell Stannard says that when he became a reader in the Church of England 40 years ago, he was considered a bit of an oddball. But things have changed. "You get a few scientists like Richard Dawkins and Peter Atkins [professor of chemistry at Oxford] who at least talk as though they cannot understand how a scientist could possibly be religious. But I would say that, generally speaking, throughout the scientific community there is considerable acceptance that, OK, although one might not be a religious person oneself, one's fellow scientist can be."
Colin Humphreys says that quite a number of his colleagues at Cambridge are also believers. "My impression is - and it is just an impression - that there are many more scientists on the academic staff who are believers than arts people."
Tom McLeish says something similar. He cheerfully offers several reasons why that might be so, one of which might be called the postmodernist effect. "Our dear friends in the humanities do get themselves awfully confused about whether the world exists, about whether each other exists, about whether words mean anything. Until they have sorted out whether cats and dogs exist or not, or are only figments in the mind of the reader, let alone the writer, then they are going to have problems talking about God."
Within biology itself, there is an intense argument about evolutionary origins of qualities such as altruism -the sacrifice of self for others - and the enduring belief in God or gods, and an afterlife, with the possibility of some kind of calling to account. Robert Winston, the fertility pioneer, Labour peer and professor at Hammersmith Hospital is Jewish. This represents a huge tradition of values that are important to him. At the age of 30 he went back to the synagogue because, he felt, he needed the discipline of Judaism, although this is not quite the same as believing in God, and he confesses to having been through various phases of observance. In the last chapter of his book The Human Instinct he said he felt it was very likely that spirituality - the feeling of something beyond mortal life - had been important in survival during the Ice Age, and through periods of great deprivation.
"The great question is whether or not that spirituality is God-given, or whether it actually evolved because it was needed," he says. "I'm still sitting on the fence."
Stannard has fewer doubts. "I would say that God does take a personal interest in us. If you were allowed one word to describe God by, that word would be love. That does not come from evolution by natural selection, it seems to come from somewhere else, and the whole idea of morals does not naturally arise out of evolution. Biologists will talk about altruism, but they are using it in a very technical sense, which is not the religious idea of altruism. It is more a case of you scratch my back and I will scratch yours."
Richard Dawkins, however, remains unmoved. Is there a limit to what science can explain? Very possibly. But in that case, what on earth makes anyone think religion can do any better? "I once reached this point when I asked the then professor of astrophysics at Oxford to explain the origin of the universe to me," he says. "He did so, and I posed my supplementary: 'Where did the laws of physics come from in the first place?' He smiled: 'Ah, now we move beyond the realm of science. This is where I have to hand over to our good friend the chaplain.' My immediate thought was, 'But why the chaplain? Why not the gardener or the chef?' If science itself cannot say where the laws of physics ultimately come from, there is no reason to expect that religion will do any better and rather good reasons to think it will do worse."
The place of humans in the universe - world faith perspectives, at the University of Birmingham Selly Oak campus, September 8-10. www.srforum.org
Further reading
A Devil's Chaplain: Reflections on Hope, Lies, Science, and Love by Richard Dawkins (Houghton Mifflin 2003) ISBN 0618335404
The Miracles of Exodus: A Scientist's Discovery of the Extraordinary Natural Causes of the Biblical Stories by Colin J Humphreys (Continuum 2003) ISBN 0826469523
The God Experiment: Can Science Prove the Existence of God? by Russell Stannard (Hidden Spring 2000) ISBN 1587680076
---END---
Regards
Jonathan --- To unsubscribe from the Virus list go to <http://www.lucifer.com/cgi-bin/virus-l>
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Hermit
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Re:virus: Why do so many scientists believe in God?
« Reply #1 on: 2003-09-09 13:47:20 » |
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I suggest that this is a highly misleading title, and should read, "Why do so many scientists not believe in gods?"
After all, given the articles own dubiously sourced and I would suggest, seriously suspect numbers, four times as many "scientists" reject belief in godsas in the "general public". But the sources are not named and run counter to studies even in the very religious United States, where repeated analysis has shown that published scientists (i.e. those recognized by their peers) contain at most 20% believers, almost the inverse pattern to the general public, and among the members of the National Acadamy of Sciences (leading peer recognized scientists), the percentage drops to below 10%*.
I changed it from "God" to gods" as disbelief is not culturally bigoted. In other words, disbelievers tend to reject belief in all gods, not just the moderm monotheistic gods of a small cultural minority.
Interesting though how despite ostensibly rejecting science, religion continuously appears to find it importartant to claim the support of "scientists" no matter how dishonest a definition of that community is required to show such reports.
Hermit
* Quote:The latest survey involved 517 members of the National Academy of Sciences; half replied. When queried about belief in "personal god," only 7% responded in the affirmative, while 72.2% expressed "personal disbelief," and 20.8% expressed "doubt or agnosticism." Belief in the concept of human immortality, i.e. life after death declined from the 35.2% measured in 1914 to just 7.9%. 76.7% reject the "human immortality" tenet, compared with 25.4% in 1914, and 23.2% claimed "doubt or agnosticism" on the question, compared with 43.7% in Leuba's original measurement. Again, though, the highest rate of belief in a god was found among mathematicians (14.3%), while the lowest was found among those in the life sciences fields -- only 5.5%. | http://www.atheists.org/flash.line/atheism1.htm
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With or without religion, you would have good people doing good things and evil people doing evil things. But for good people to do evil things, that takes religion. - Steven Weinberg, 1999
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Blunderov
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RE: virus: Why do so many scientists believe in God?
« Reply #2 on: 2003-09-09 15:44:40 » |
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OK Jonathan - you've got me going again. Here at least we find some definitions of this 'god' thing:
"But I just think there is another world view as well." > Colin Humphreys
[Bl.]Colin Humphreys is free to think whatever he pleases. Whether he can demonstrate any reasonable basis, other than his own preference, for this fantasy is, of course, highly improbable.
"a Creator" Russell Stannard [Bl.]Said it before. Say it again. Nothing from nothing. Therefore no creator possible.
"God is the God of chance and He had His plan and purpose, which is working out very subtly, but through these chance events." Colin Humphreys. [Bl.]Planned chance? Moving on...
I would say that God does take a personal interest in us. If you were allowed one word to describe God by, that word would be love. Stannard
[Bl.]Aha! The semantic Mesada of theists, the last redoubt. Of course, if god is love then god might reasonably be said to exist. Oddly, this god of love that takes a personal interest in us seems to leave a lot of 'bones in the wake' (Tom Waits). Why does this love find it necessary to create so many victims? Are we to take it that, say, cancer, is evidence of this love? Or war? Or evil in general? If so, then this must be some strange new usage of the word love with which I am not familiar. The theist retort is usually that it doesn't matter because all good people go to heaven anyway. So this love doesn't always look like love right now but it all works out ok in the end. Snake-oil is what I say. I'd rather buy time-share holidays.
Ironically, in the film "Contact", the Jodie Foster character (atheist) is (supposedly) refuted by her religious lover when she asks him how he can prove that god exists. He replies "Did you love your father?" She replies "yes". He retorts "Prove it". At which she is speechless.
The import of this is, I gather, is that some things are intrinsically un-provable. It is my view that she could have made a strong case for her 'love' based on an appropriate definition of 'love', her own observable behavior at the time and her own report of her subjective state. Perhaps it would not amount to proof, but it certainly would amount at least to a credible body of evidence for the proposition, which is more than can be said for the theistic case.
Interesting that theists (so often) resort to this 'proof' of god (the existence of love) and then (so often) deny their own proof by claiming it be un-provable. I believe this is what is known technically as 'having your cake and eating it'. At bottom, though, this definition of god is specious: one might as well say that god is a baby's smile, or for that matter, a full bottle of whiskey and a starry night.
Fact is, everybody (well, mostly) dislikes the idea of dying and many people leap at the chance, however slim, that it might not actually happen to them like a trout leaps at a fly. With similar results.
Fond Regards Blunderov
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Kharin
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Re:virus: Why do so many scientists believe in God?
« Reply #3 on: 2003-09-09 16:01:13 » |
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Quote:"Russell Stannard is now emeritus professor of physics at the Open University." |
One is tempted to observe that the only sensible thing to do when faced with employment at the Open University is to turn to either drink or religion. On the whole, I feel the individual in question made a poor choice between the two.
Quote:"He believes in the story of Moses, as recounted in the biblical book of Exodus. He believes in it enough to have explored Egypt and the Holy Land in search of natural or scientific explanations for the story of the burning bush, the 10 plagues of Egypt, the crossing of the Red Sea and the manna that fell in the wilderness -and then written a book about it. " |
The above neglects to mention that this author, who has no qualification in archaeology or history, expects us to believe that the parting of the Red Sea manifested itself by means of a constant eighty-mile-per-hour wind that held the sea back for several hours while the Israelite nation (including, one presumes, small children and elderly people, flocks, herds and supplies) ambled across across, presumably while enjoying the pleasant weather.
Such lunacies are, of course, not uncommon. Arguably the leading exponent of them was William Buckland, Prof of Geology at Oxford and later Dean of Westminster, who sought to reconcile geology and the biblical account of creation by arguing that each of the days mentioned in the Genesis account was an epoch, a geological period covering countless millions of years. Naturally, the geological record failed to support this rather tenuous theory and, not to put too fine a point on it, he was rewarded for his efforts with a stay in the asylum from which he never recovered.
Quote:"He not only believes in God, he believes in the Church of England." |
Good grief! We must have him dissected, pickled and studied. A rare specimen indeed!
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Hermit
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Re:virus: Why do so many scientists believe in God?
« Reply #4 on: 2003-09-09 16:41:25 » |
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Thanks-for the open University pickling, I'll probably quote it.
Apropos the Moses thing, I can't off-hand think of any recognized archeologist who accepts the idea that any large group of Jews ever were in Egypt, nevermind accepting the clearly fabulous and undoubtedly derivitive stories of "Moses". After all, the following all predate "Moses":
Rama (Ramayana): Was of royal blood Led his people on a journey through the heart of Asia finally to reach India prior to 3000BCE (which points indubitably to the Harrapans). Was a lawgiver. Had extraordinary (magical) powers. Caused springs gush (ref Ex: 17:6) forth in the deserts through which he led his people Provided his followers with manna (Ex: 16:3-35). Suppressed a virulent plague with "soma", India's "water of life" (although, according to Maharishi "Mahesh" Yogi, "soma" is semen.) Conquered the 'promised land' (Sri Lanka) by marching through a sea. The land bridge used to launch the attack is still called the Bridge of Rama.
Bacchus (Spenta Mainyu): Rescued as an infant from water, Crossed the Red Sea on foot, Wrote laws on stone tablets, Armies were led by columns of fire,
Zarathustra (aka Zoroaster) (Aristotle, Eudoxus and Hermodoros) Was of royal blood Possessed the secret of "sacred fire" Taken from his mother and exposed to the elements Became the prophet of a new religion at 30. Invoked a God of the mountains on Albordj/Albruz This God of fire and thunder gave him a set of sacred Laws. Lead his followers to a remote promised land. On the way, his God parted the water of a sea allowing the "chosen" to walk across it.
Kind Regards
Hermit
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With or without religion, you would have good people doing good things and evil people doing evil things. But for good people to do evil things, that takes religion. - Steven Weinberg, 1999
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Kalkor
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RE: virus: Why do so many scientists believe in God?
« Reply #5 on: 2003-09-09 22:40:32 » |
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[Blunderov] [snip] Fact is, everybody (well, mostly) dislikes the idea of dying and many people leap at the chance, however slim, that it might not actually happen to them like a trout leaps at a fly. With similar results.
[Kalkor] Very well put! I've always had a problem with Pascal's Wager, since it's the only argument my father could come up with when the subject of religion reared its ugly head around the dinner table...
Kalkor
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Walter Watts
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Re: virus: Why do so many scientists believe in God?
« Reply #6 on: 2003-09-10 04:36:55 » |
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Written by David Hill:
The classical attributes of a deity are singularity ("there can only be one") omnicience (all-knowing), omnipotence (all-powerful), omnipresence ('(S)He's everywhere!"), omnibeneficence (all-good), and omnisoothience (all-true). One can immediately see that the attributes of omniscience and omnipotence cannot simultaneously inhere in a single universe. If a deity were omniscient (knew everything), then it would know the future and thus be powerless to change it, but if it were omnipotent (all-powerful), then it could change the future, and therefore could not know it for certain. It's like the simultaneous impossibility of an irresistable force and an immoveable object; if one of these two deific properties exists (and they are considered to be the most important two), then the other logically cannot. Furthermore, If deity were everywhere, it could perceive nothing, for perception requires a point of view, that is, a spatiotemporal perspective other than that of the perceived object from which to perceive that object. Deity being omnipresent (everywhere), there is nowhere that deity would not be, thus nothing it could perceive. It gets even worse. Deity must be perfect; in fact, perfection is what is broken down into all those 'omni' subcategories. thus, a perfect deity could not even think. Thought is dynamic, that is, to think, one's thought must move between conceptions. Now, thought could conceiveably move in three directions; from perfect to imperfect, from imperfect to perfect, and from imperfect to imperfect (from perfect to perfect is not an alternative, perfection being singular and movement requiring distinguishable prior and posterior). But all of the three possible alternatives contain either prior or posterior imperfection or both, which are not allowably entertained in the mind of a perfect deity.
There's much, much more that I could add, but this should more than suffice to demonstrate that asserting the existence of a deity possessing the attributes that most consider essential to it deserving the deific appelation mires one in a miasmic quagmire of irretrieveable contradiction, once one journeys beyond emotion-driven faith and uses one's noggin to divine (Luvzda pun!) the nonsensical and absurd consequences necessarily entailed.
Show the proposition to be false or accept its possibility.
----------------------------------------------------------------- [Everyone calm down]
;-'>
Walter ------------------------------------------------------------------
Blunderov wrote:
> OK Jonathan - you've got me going again. Here at least we find some > definitions of this 'god' thing: > > "But I just think there is another world view as well." > Colin > Humphreys > > [Bl.]Colin Humphreys is free to think whatever he pleases. Whether he > can demonstrate any reasonable basis, other than his own preference, for > this fantasy is, of course, highly improbable. > > "a Creator" Russell Stannard > [Bl.]Said it before. Say it again. Nothing from nothing. Therefore no > creator possible. > > "God is the God of chance and He had His plan and purpose, which is > working out very subtly, but through these chance events." Colin > Humphreys. > [Bl.]Planned chance? Moving on... > > I would say that God does take a personal interest in us. If you were > allowed one word to describe God by, that word would be love. Stannard > > [Bl.]Aha! The semantic Mesada of theists, the last redoubt. Of course, > if god is love then god might reasonably be said to exist. Oddly, this > god of love that takes a personal interest in us seems to leave a lot of > 'bones in the wake' (Tom Waits). Why does this love find it necessary to > create so many victims? Are we to take it that, say, cancer, is evidence > of this love? Or war? Or evil in general? If so, then this must be some > strange new usage of the word love with which I am not familiar. The > theist retort is usually that it doesn't matter because all good people > go to heaven anyway. So this love doesn't always look like love right > now but it all works out ok in the end. Snake-oil is what I say. I'd > rather buy time-share holidays. > > Ironically, in the film "Contact", the Jodie Foster character (atheist) > is (supposedly) refuted by her religious lover when she asks him how he > can prove that god exists. He replies "Did you love your father?" She > replies "yes". He retorts "Prove it". At which she is speechless. > > The import of this is, I gather, is that some things are intrinsically > un-provable. It is my view that she could have made a strong case for > her 'love' based on an appropriate definition of 'love', her own > observable behavior at the time and her own report of her subjective > state. Perhaps it would not amount to proof, but it certainly would > amount at least to a credible body of evidence for the proposition, > which is more than can be said for the theistic case. > > Interesting that theists (so often) resort to this 'proof' of god (the > existence of love) and then (so often) deny their own proof by claiming > it be un-provable. I believe this is what is known technically as > 'having your cake and eating it'. At bottom, though, this definition of > god is specious: one might as well say that god is a baby's smile, or > for that matter, a full bottle of whiskey and a starry night. > > Fact is, everybody (well, mostly) dislikes the idea of dying and many > people leap at the chance, however slim, that it might not actually > happen to them like a trout leaps at a fly. With similar results. > > Fond Regards > Blunderov > > --- > To unsubscribe from the Virus list go to <http://www.lucifer.com/cgi-bin/virus-l>
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Walter Watts Tulsa Network Solutions, Inc.
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JD
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RE: virus: Why do so many scientists believe in God?
« Reply #7 on: 2003-09-10 04:52:07 » |
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Thanks Kharin, Hermit and Blunderlov for nailing this article. Good work. What struck me when I read the headline of this article was: Because scientists are human too. We know that there is fairly strong and growing evidence that religious experiences are biologically explicable. The irrationality that drives it is easily explained in terms of uncontrolled impulses from the sub-neocortex. Personally it would not change my belief if every scientist (including Hermit) were to suddenly announce their commitment to God.
Regards
Jonathan
-----Original Message----- From: owner-virus@lucifer.com [mailto:owner-virus@lucifer.com] On Behalf Of Hermit Sent: 09 September 2003 18:47 To: virus@lucifer.com Subject: Re:virus: Why do so many scientists believe in God?
I suggest that this is a highly misleading title, and should read, "Why do so many scientists not believe in gods?"
After all, given the articles own dubiously sourced and I would suggest, seriously suspect numbers, four times as many "scientists" reject belief in godsas in the "general public". But the sources are not named and run counter to studies even in the very religious United States, where repeated analysis has shown that published scientists (i.e. those recognized by their peers) contain at most 20% believers, almost the inverse pattern to the general public, and among the members of the National Acadamy of Sciences (leading peer recognized scientists), the percentage drops to below 10%*.
I changed it from "God" to gods" as disbelief is not culturally bigoted. In other words, disbelievers tend to reject belief in all gods, not just the moderm monotheistic gods of a small cultural minority.
Interesting though how despite ostensibly rejecting science, religion continuously appears to find it importartant to claim the support of "scientists" no matter how dishonest a definition of that community is required to show such reports.
Hermit
*The latest survey involved 517 members of the National Academy of Sciences; half replied. When queried about belief in "personal god," only 7% responded in the affirmative, while 72.2% expressed "personal disbelief," and 20.8% expressed "doubt or agnosticism." Belief in the concept of human immortality, i.e. life after death declined from the 35.2% measured in 1914 to just 7.9%. 76.7% reject the "human immortality" tenet, compared with 25.4% in 1914, and 23.2% claimed "doubt or agnosticism" on the question, compared with 43.7% in Leuba's original measurement. Again, though, the highest rate of belief in a god was found among mathematicians (14.3%), while the lowest was found among those in the life sciences fields -- only 5.5%. http://www.atheists.org/flash.line/atheism1.htm
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Blunderov
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RE: virus: Why do so many scientists believe in God?
« Reply #9 on: 2003-09-10 16:26:38 » |
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> [Blunderov] > [snip] > Fact is, everybody (well, mostly) dislikes the idea of dying and many > people leap at the chance, however slim, that it might not actually > happen to them like a trout leaps at a fly. With similar results. > > [Kalkor] > Very well put! I've always had a problem with Pascal's Wager, since it's > the > only argument my father could come up with when the subject of religion > reared its ugly head around the dinner table...
[Bl.]Thank you. The problem that I have with Pascal's Wager is that it presumes that one can choose what to believe. I seriously doubt whether this is possible. One is persuaded. One is convinced. Or one is not sure.
The Red Queen might find it possible to believe sixteen impossible things before breakfast but I feel reasonably certain that most people would find even one beyond their capacity.
Fond Regards Blunderov
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