Mental Model

Can the word belief be replaced with memo, short for MEntal MOdel?

The word I am looking for means "cognitive content that an agent categorizes as true".

Consider a statement X that could potentially be a fact, e.g. "Alice was born in NYC" or "Quebec City is Canada's capital" or "The earth is over 4 billion years old". Which of the following are synonymous? Which are logically connected (so that the truth of one implies the truth of another)?

1. X.
2. X is true.
3. Bob thinks that X.
4. Bob believes X.
5. Bob considers X to be true.
6. Bob holds X to be true.
7. Bob categorizes X as true.
8. Bob knows X.
9. Bob would bet on X.
10. Bob would bet $100 on X.
11. Bob would bet his house on X.
12. Bob would bet his life on X.
13. Bob claims that X.
14. Bob would say X is true if asked.
15. Bob would say X is true if asked and he had no reason to lie.
16. Bob behaves as if X is true.
17. Bob infers X from other facts he thinks are true.
18. Bob would infer X from other facts he thinks are true.
19. Bob could infer X from other facts he thinks are true.

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Table 0: Semantic Analysis and Categorization of Assertions

Logical expression of existence	1	X.
Logical assertion of truth	2	X is true.
Sentence predicated on Think [1]	3	Bob thinks that X.
Sentence predicated on Believe [2]	4	Bob believes X.
Sentence predicated on Considers [3]	5	Bob considers X to be true.
Sentence predicated on Holds [4]	6	Bob holds X to be true.
Sentence predicated on Categorizes [5]	7	Bob categorizes X as true.
Sentence predicated on Knows [6]	8	Bob knows X.
Sentence predicated on colloquial expression "Would Bet" (low value)	9	Bob would bet on X.
Sentence predicated on colloquial expression with assigned value (intermediate value)	10	Bob would bet $100 on X.
Sentence predicated on colloquial expression with assigned value (high value)	11	Bob would bet his house on X.
Sentence predicated on colloquial expression with assigned value (highest possible value)	12	Bob would bet his life on X.
Sentence predicated on Claims [7]	13	Bob claims that X.
Sentence predicated on conditional expression	14	Bob would say X is true if asked.
Sentence predicated on conditional compound expression	15	Bob would say X is true if asked and he had no reason to lie.
Sentence predicated on Behave [8]	16	Bob behaves as if X is true.
Logical assertion, conditional	17	Bob infers X from other facts he thinks are true.
Logical assertion, future conditional	18	Bob would infer X from other facts he thinks are true.
Logical assertion, hypothetical conditional	19	Bob could infer X from other facts he thinks are true.

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For each statement three factors, all fuzzy, and thus in the range of -1 (false) through 0 (unassertainable) through 1 (true) need to be addressed, viz The external falsifiable X, the process of arriving at the conclusion (1 rational (supported by evidence), 0 indeterminate and -1 irrational (contradicts evidence)) and the internal model of X held by Bob.

Examining the degenerate cases where the values are known, it is immediately apparent that there are only three "useful" (i.e. non-delusional) states, and that these comprise two positions providing knowledge (high utility) and one which should result in a search for further information). All of the other possible states require the assumption of the unproveable or the rejection of evidence and thus holding such states as true is not helpful. It can also be seen that when the 'fuzzy values' representing the external environment and Bob's internal representation are out of kilter, that the results will deviate from the useful toward the non-useful. The same naturally happens when confidence levels are low. Also looking at Table 1, it can be seen that where the end result is unknown, the process is non-evaluatable (irrespective of the truth of the source). Where the end internal map matches the external state, there is a high correlation with a rational process having been used to reach the conclusion. Finally, where the conclusion differs from the external, there is a reasonable presumption of irrational processing.

Table 1: Utility Mapping

External	Bob's Perspective	Usefulness	Process
True	True	High	Rational
True	Unknown	None	Indeterminate
True	False	None	Irrational
Unknown	True	None	Irrational
Unknown	Unknown	Moderate	Rational
Unknown	False	None	Irrational
False	True	None	Irrational
False	None	Indeterminate	Unknown
False	False	High	Rational

We can reverse this process too, in that by examining the inputs and the process, the input and output, or the output and the process, simple logic allows us to determine the probable missing values.

In addition to assigning a truth value to any assertion, we can assign an estimated certainty. Where possible, for each value determined, we will also assign a probable accuracy as reflected in Table 2, in the range of 0 to 1, where 0 is unknown, and is certainty. This will be used to scale the results. Notice that when we are certain that a value cannot be assigned to a factor that 1 is still used for probability.

Table 2: Probability Map

0	Unlikely
0.2	Possibly
0.4	Maybe
0.6	Likely
0.8	Probably
1	Certainty

Now let us reevaluate the above examples in terms of this logical approach.

Table 3: Multicomponent Analysis

Case	Assertion	Discussion	Ext Truth	Ext Certainty	Process	Process Certainty	Int Perception	Int Certainty
1	X	This is merely an assertion that X exists. No internal or external truth value is assigned to X, and no process is defined.	0	1	0	1	0	1
2	X is true.	This statement asserts that X exists and is true, but makes no assertion about Bob's internal truth perception or the process applied	1	1	0	1	0	1
3	Bob thinks that X.	A process of evaluation (thinking) leads Bob to assign an internal truth value to X. Thinking takes into account the fact that results are probable, not absolute.	1	0.6	1	0.6	1	0.6
4	Bob believes X.	No process of evaluation has occured, so no knowledge of X is available. We know that the process used did not involve evaluation (or the result would not require belief), so we know that it was not rational, but do not know that it was irrational (although it may have been). Belief need not account for the limits of truth	0	1	0	1	1	1
5	Bob considers X to be true.	A process of evaluation (consideration) leads Bob to assign a truth value to X. Consideration should take into account the fact that results are probable, not absolute.	1	0.6	1	0.6	1	0.6
6	Bob holds X to be true.	No process of evaluation is asserted, so no knowledge of X is available. The fact that the value is "held" true, possibly irrespective of evidence, means that the process is probably irrational.	0	0	-1	0.6	1	1
7	Bob categorizes X as true.	Categorization, while similar to cognition, implies a much greater degree of knowledge about the subject of study. It also implies a formal process of creating internal maps, giving higher certainty to the likelihood that the intrnal map will be accurate.	1	0.8	1	0.8	1	0.8
8	Bob knows X.	A process of evaluation (knowledge development) leads Bob to assign a truth value to X. Similar to categorization, but not speaking to the process involved.	1	0.8	1	0.6	1	0.8
9	Bob would bet on X.	No assertion is made about X or the process through which Bob reached his position, nor even that Bob considers X true or false. Assuming Bob expects to win his bet.	0	0.2	0	0	1	0.2b
10	Bob would bet $100 on X.	No assertion is made about X or the process through which Bob reached his position - just the iimplication that Bob feels more positive about winning than in 9.	0	0.2	0	0	1	0.4
11	Bob would bet his house on X.	No assertion is made about X or the process through which Bob reached his position - just the iimplication that Bob feels more positive about winning than in 9 or 10.	0	0.2	0	0	1	0.6
12	Bob would bet his life on X.	No assertion is made about X or the process through which Bob reached his position - just the iimplication that Bob feels more positive about winning than in 11, 10 or 9.	0	0.2	0	0	1	0.8
13	Bob claims that X.	No assertion is made about X or the process through which Bob reached his position.	0	0	0	0	1	1
14	Bob would say X is true if asked.	No assertion is made about X or the process through which Bob reached his position.(although I think that the implication may be that this is less certain than 13).	0	0	0	0	1	0.8
15	Bob would say X is true if asked and he had no reason to lie.	No assertion is made about X or the process through which Bob reached his position (although I think that the implication may be that this is less certain than 14 or 13)	0	0	0	0	1	0.6
16	Bob behaves as if X is true.	No process of evaluation is asserted, so no knowledge of X or process is available.	0	0	0	0	1	1
17	Bob infers X from other facts he thinks are true.	X is evaluated against other evaluated things	1	0.8	0	0	1	0.8
18	Bob would infer X from other facts he thinks are true.	No process of evaluation of X is asserted, even though it might be infered from other evaluated things. The process and conclusions sound weaker than in 17.	1	0.6	0	0	1	0.6
19	Bob could infer X from other facts he thinks are true.	No process of evaluation of X is asserted, even though it might be infered from other evaluated things. This sounds weaker than 18 or 17.	1	0.4	0	0	1	0.4

Now multiplying the conclusions by the probabilities we get:

Table 4: Conclusions

External Truth	Process	Internal Truth	Case	Assertion
0	0	0	1	X.
1	0	0	2	X is true.
0.6	0.6	0.6	3	Bob thinks that X.
0	0	1	4	Bob believes X.
0.6	0.6	0.6	5	Bob considers X to be true.
0	-0.6	1	6	Bob holds X to be true.
0.8	0.8	0.8	7	Bob categorizes X as true.
0.8	0.6	0.8	8	Bob knows X.
0.2	0	0.2	9	Bob would bet on X.
0.2	0	0.4	10	Bob would bet $100 on X.
0.2	0	0.6	11	Bob would bet his house on X.
0.2	0	0.8	12	Bob would bet his life on X.
0	0	1	13	Bob claims that X.
0	0	0.8	14	Bob would say X is true if asked.
0	0	0.6	15	Bob would say X is true if asked and he had no reason to lie.
0	0	1	16	Bob behaves as if X is true.
0.8	0	0.8	17	Bob infers X from other facts he thinks are true.
0.6	0	0.4	18	Bob would infer X from other facts he thinks are true.
0.4	0	0.4	19	Bob could infer X from other facts he thinks are true.

And grouping these:

Table 5: Ordered by Knowledge of X

External Truth	Process	Internal Truth	Case	Assertion
0	0	0	1	X.
0	0	0.8	14	Bob would say X is true if asked.
0	0	0.6	15	Bob would say X is true if asked and he had no reason to lie.
0	-0.6	1	6	Bob holds X to be true.
0	0	1	4	Bob believes X.
0	0	1	13	Bob claims that X.
0	0	1	16	Bob behaves as if X is true.
0.2	0	0.2	9	Bob would bet on X.
0.2	0	0.4	10	Bob would bet $100 on X.
0.2	0	0.6	11	Bob would bet his house on X.
0.2	0	0.8	12	Bob would bet his life on X.
0.4	0	0.4	19	Bob could infer X from other facts he thinks are true.
0.6	0	0.4	18	Bob would infer X from other facts he thinks are true.
0.6	0.6	0.6	3	Bob thinks that X.
0.6	0.6	0.6	5	Bob considers X to be true.
0.8	0.8	0.8	7	Bob categorizes X as true.
0.8	0.6	0.8	8	Bob knows X.
0.8	0	0.8	17	Bob infers X from other facts he thinks are true.
1	0	0	2	X is true.

Table 6: Ordered by Perception of X

External Truth	Process	Internal Truth	Case	Assertion
0	0	0	1	X.
1	0	0	2	X is true.
0.6	0	0.4	18	Bob would infer X from other facts he thinks are true.
0.4	0	0.4	19	Bob could infer X from other facts he thinks are true.
0	0	0.6	15	Bob would say X is true if asked and he had no reason to lie.
0.2	0	0.2	9	Bob would bet on X.
0.2	0	0.4	10	Bob would bet $100 on X.
0.2	0	0.6	11	Bob would bet his house on X.
0.6	0.6	0.6	3	Bob thinks that X.
0.6	0.6	0.6	5	Bob considers X to be true.
0	0	0.8	14	Bob would say X is true if asked.
0.2	0	0.8	12	Bob would bet his life on X.
0.8	0.8	0.8	7	Bob categorizes X as true.
0.8	0.6	0.8	8	Bob knows X.
0.8	0	0.8	17	Bob infers X from other facts he thinks are true.
0	-0.6	1	6	Bob holds X to be true.
0	0	1	4	Bob believes X.
0	0	1	13	Bob claims that X.
0	0	1	16	Bob behaves as if X is true.

Table 7: Ordered by Usefulness of Perception

External Truth	Process	Internal Truth	Case	Assertion
0.8	0.8	0.8	7	Bob categorizes X as true.
0.8	0.6	0.8	8	Bob knows X.
0.8	0	0.8	17	Bob infers X from other facts he thinks are true.
0.6	0.6	0.6	5	Bob considers X to be true.
0.6	0.6	0.6	3	Bob thinks that X.
0.6	0	0.4	18	Bob would infer X from other facts he thinks are true.
0.4	0	0.4	19	Bob could infer X from other facts he thinks are true.
0.2	0	0.8	12	Bob would bet his life on X.
0.2	0	0.6	11	Bob would bet his house on X.
0.2	0	0.4	10	Bob would bet $100 on X.
0.2	0	0.2	9	Bob would bet on X.
0	0	0.6	15	Bob would say X is true if asked and he had no reason to lie.
0	0	0.8	14	Bob would say X is true if asked.
0	0	1	16	Bob behaves as if X is true.
0	0	1	13	Bob claims that X.
0	0	1	4	Bob believes X.
0	-0.6	1	6	Bob holds X to be true.
1	0	0	2	X is true.
0	0	0	1	X.

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David Lucifer

From my perspective VectorHermit has taken my question a long way in the wrong direction.

Though the three factors that he mentions are interesting, only one needs to be addressed and that is the internal model that is held by Bob. The external truth of X is needed to evaluate just three statements:

1. X

2. X is true

and

8. Bob knows X.

Saying that someone knows X implies that both Bob categorizes X as true and X *is* true. In other words, given that Bob know X, you can infer that X is true and that Bob thinks X is true. And given that X is true and Bob thinks X is true, you can infer that Bob knows X is true.

The external truth of X cannot be inferred by any of the other statements, as is easily seen by substituting something blatantly false like "the earth is flat" or "1+1=3" for X. I'm not sure where that leaves VectorHermit's analysis but I'm not hopeful.

I also think Hermit is reading way too much into the statements, inferring process where none is implied. Only statement 17 "Bob infers X from other facts he thinks are true" mentions how he came to categorize, hold, think, or believe X is true (and I see absolutely no difference between those, not even connotative).

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VectorHermit As I noted on IRC, I wasn't finished. But sufficiently so that it seemed like a good place to take a break. Certainly the above establishes that I was out on a tangent. I didn't see the statements as being linked as I had understood that DavidLucifer had asked for the relationships between the assertions to be established and or evaluated. I attempted to begin doing so.

However, I probably won't follow this line of reasoning further right now.

The justification is: If some assertions are to be linked, then all must be linked. If all are linked then in my opinion, the semantic differences (and I think there are significant semantic differences between the multiple articulations - which I thought was sufficiently clear from the fact that even for those statements based on "dictionary words" as opposed to phrasing, were sufficiently clear not to require addressing at this stage) between the statements precludes all of the statements being true. DavidLucifer's assertion that he perceives no qualitative or structural differences between the clauses suggests that our positions are an ocean apart at this stage.

As such, perhaps a purely linguistic analysis might be a good first step to achieving resolution. If DavidLucifer considers this worthwhile, perhaps he would indicate why he thinks that dictionaries define these words differently if there is "absolutely no difference, even connotative" between them?

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Appendix A

[1] Think

v. t. imp. & p. p. Thought; p. pr. & vb. n. Thinking. OE. thinken, properly, to seem, from AS. thornyncean (cf. Methinks), but confounded with OE. thenken to think, fr. AS. thornencean (imp. thorn=ohte); akin to D. denken, dunken, OS. thenkian, thunkian, G. denken, d"unken, Icel. thornekkja to perceive, to know, thornykkja to seem, Goth. thornagkjan, thornaggkjan, to think, thornygkjan to think, to seem, OL. tongere to know. To conceive; to imagine.

[2] Believe

v. t. imp. & p. p. Believed; p. pr. & vb. n. Believing. OE. bileven (with pref. be- for AS. ge-), fr. AS. gel?fan, gel?fan; akin to D. gelooven, OHG. gilouban, G. glauben, OS. gil?bian, Goth. galaubjan, and Goth. liubs dear. See Lief, a., Leave, n. To exercise belief in; to credit upon the authority or testimony of another.

[3] Considers

v. t. imp. & p. p. Considered; p. pr. & vb. n. Considering. F. consid'erer, L. considerare, -sideratum, to consider, view attentively, prob. fr. con- + sidus, sideris, star, constellation; orig., therefore, to look at the stars. See Sidereal, and cf. Desire. To fix the mind on, with a view to a careful examination; to think on with care; to ponder; to study; to meditate on.

[4] Holds

Hold, v. t. imp. & p. p. Held; p. pr. & vb. n. Holding. Holden, p. p., is obs. in elegant writing, though still used in legal language. OE. haldan, D. houden, OHG. hoten, Icel. halda, Dan. holde, Sw. h*alla, Goth. haldan to feed, tend (the cattle); of unknown origin. Gf. Avast, Halt, Hod. To cause to remain in a given situation, position, or relation, within certain limits, or the like; to prevent from falling or escaping; to sustain; to restrain; to keep in the grasp; to retain.

[5] Categorizes

v. t. To insert in a category or list; to class; to catalogue.

[6] Knows

v. t. imp. Knew; p. p. Known; p. pr. & vb. n. Knowing. OE. knowen, knawen, AS. cn"awan; akin to OHG. chn"aan (in comp.), Icel. kn"a to be able, Russ, znate to know, L. gnoscere, noscere, Gr. ?, Skr. jn?; fr. the root of E. can, v. i., ken. (?). See Ken, Can to be able, and cf. Acquaint, Cognition, Gnome, Ignore, Noble, Note. To perceive or apprehend clearly and certainly; to understand; to have full information of; as, to know one's duty.

[7] Claims

v.?. imp. & p. p. Claimed (kl=amd); p. pr. & vb. n. Claiming. OE. clamen, claimen, OF. clamer, fr. L. clamare to cry out, call; akin to calare to proclaim, Gr. ? to call, Skr. kal to sound, G. holen to fetch, E. hale haul. To ask for, or seek to obtain, by virtue of authority, right, or supposed right; to challenge as a right; to demand as due.

[8] Behave

v. t. imp. & p. p. Behaved; p. pr. & vb. n. Behaving. AS. behabban to surround, restrain, detain (akin to G. gehaben (obs.) to have, sich gehaben to behave or carry one's self); pref. be- + habban to have. See Have, v. t. To manage or govern in point of behavior; to discipline; to handle; to restrain.

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A useful table in case of need

1	X.
2	X is true.
3	Bob thinks that X.
4	Bob believes X.
5	Bob considers X to be true.
6	Bob holds X to be true.
7	Bob categorizes X as true.
8	Bob knows X.
9	Bob would bet on X.
10	Bob would bet $100 on X.
11	Bob would bet his house on X.
12	Bob would bet his life on X.
13	Bob claims that X.
14	Bob would say X is true if asked.
15	Bob would say X is true if asked and he had no reason to lie.
16	Bob behaves as if X is true.
17	Bob infers X from other facts he thinks are true.
18	Bob would infer X from other facts he thinks are true.
19	Bob could infer X from other facts he thinks are true.

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